Shaanxi Shangyou Stainless Steel Co., Ltd. supplies duplex and super duplex stainless steel for chemical processing, oil and gas, offshore equipment, desalination, seawater systems, pulp and paper, pressure equipment, heat exchangers and structural applications.

Duplex stainless steels have a mixed ferritic + austenitic microstructure. Modern grades are engineered by controlling chromium, nickel, molybdenum and particularly nitrogen together with heat treatment to achieve the required combination of phase balance, strength, toughness and corrosion resistance. IMOA describes the desired mill-product phase balance as roughly 45–50% ferrite with the remainder austenite, while emphasizing that actual metallurgical quality depends on both composition and thermal history.

The duplex family includes materials ranging from economical lean duplex grades to highly alloyed super and hyper duplex stainless steels.

Duplex stainless steel is characterized by a mixed microstructure containing both:

Ferrite

and

Austenite

in significant proportions.

This dual-phase structure gives duplex stainless steels a combination of properties that cannot be obtained simply by describing them as either ferritic or austenitic stainless steel.

Typical advantages include:

• high yield strength;
• good to excellent localized corrosion resistance depending on grade;
• improved chloride stress corrosion cracking resistance compared with conventional austenitic stainless steels in many environments;
• relatively low nickel content compared with many high-alloy austenitic grades;
• good industrial weldability when proper duplex procedures are followed.

Duplex stainless steels are nevertheless not immune to chloride SCC or localized corrosion under all conditions. Severe temperature, chloride and environmental combinations can still produce failure.

IMOA divides modern duplex stainless steels into five useful engineering groups according to alloy content and corrosion resistance.

For Shangyou’s commercial product structure, the highest priority should be:

2205 → 2507 → S32760 → 2304 → 2101

*Representative ranges from IMOA’s duplex alloy comparison; PREN is a screening and ranking parameter, not a service-life guarantee.

PREN means:

Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number

A commonly used relationship for austenitic and duplex stainless steels is:

PREN = Cr + 3.3(Mo + 0.5W) + 16N

where Cr, Mo, W and N are expressed in weight percent.

PREN helps compare the relative resistance to initiation of chloride pitting of correctly processed alloys within related material families.

A common purchasing mistake is:

PREN 40 means the material is automatically seawater resistant.

That is not technically sufficient.

IMOA explicitly cautions that PREN should not be over-relied upon because metallurgical balance, alloy interactions and material processing also influence performance.

Real performance depends on:

• Temperature
• Chloride Concentration
• pH
• Crevice Geometry
• Flow Rate
• Deposits
• Oxygen Level
• Welding Condition
• Surface Condition
• Heat Treatment

Therefore PREN should be used as:

Material Screening Tool

rather than:

Service-Life Guarantee

2101 Lean Duplex Stainless Steel

UNS S32101 / EN 1.4162

2101 belongs to the lean duplex family.

Compared with conventional highly alloyed duplex grades, lean duplex materials reduce expensive alloying content while maintaining the dual-phase structure and high mechanical strength.

IMOA lists S32101 with a representative PREN range of approximately 25–27.

Typical applications can include:

• Storage tanks
• Structural components
• Bridges
• General fabrication
• Water-handling equipment
• Process equipment under moderate corrosion conditions

2101 should not be presented as a substitute for 2205 or 2507 in severe chloride service simply because all three materials are duplex stainless steels.

UNS S32304 / EN 1.4362

2304 is a lean duplex grade with relatively little deliberate molybdenum addition.

IMOA classifies 2304 among lean duplex grades and gives a representative PREN range of approximately 25–28.

Typical applications include:

• Storage tanks
• Structural fabrication
• Water systems
• Food equipment
• General process equipment

2304 is most useful when:

higher strength than standard austenitic stainless steel is attractive

but

2205-level localized corrosion resistance is not required.

UNS S32205 / S31803 / EN 1.4462

2205 is the most important commercial duplex stainless steel and is described by IMOA as the workhorse standard duplex grade.

Typical applications include:

• Chemical processing equipment
• Pulp and paper equipment
• Oil and gas systems
• Cargo tanks
• Pressure equipment
• Heat exchangers
• Process piping
• Bridges and structural components

Outokumpu describes 2205 as combining strong general and localized corrosion resistance, chloride SCC resistance and high mechanical strength.

This distinction is important for procurement.

Both designations are commonly associated with:

2205 Duplex Stainless Steel

and:

EN 1.4462

However, their specified chemistry ranges are not identical.

IMOA shows S32205 with tighter/higher minimum ranges for key alloying elements such as chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen compared with the broader S31803 composition range. Representative PREN ranges in the same reference are approximately 33–35 for S31803 and 35–36 for S32205.

Therefore a buyer should specify:

UNS S32205

when that exact material designation is required.

Do not simply write:

S31803 = S32205

as if they were chemically identical specifications.

UNS S32750 / EN 1.4410

2507 is a super duplex stainless steel containing approximately 25% chromium together with substantial molybdenum and nitrogen additions.

IMOA places 2507 in the super duplex family with a representative PREN range around 40–43.

Typical applications include:

• Desalination equipment
• Offshore platforms
• Seawater systems
• Oil and gas processing
• Chemical processing
• Heat exchangers
• High-chloride piping systems
• Marine equipment

2507 should be evaluated when 2205 does not provide sufficient localized corrosion resistance for the intended chloride and temperature conditions.

UNS S32760 / EN 1.4501

S32760 is another highly alloyed super duplex stainless steel. IMOA cross-references S32760 with EN 1.4501 and describes this family among the highly corrosion-resistant duplex grades.

Typical areas for evaluation include:

• Offshore production equipment
• Oil and gas piping
• Seawater handling
• Chemical process systems
• Desalination
• Pressure equipment
• High-chloride environments

S32760 should have its own dedicated product page rather than being treated as simply another name for 2507.

PREN and general ranking values should only be used as preliminary selection tools.

One of the most valuable SEO and procurement comparisons is:

2205 Duplex vs 316L Stainless Steel

2205 generally provides substantially higher proof/yield strength than conventional 316L and improved resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking under many conditions.

This can allow engineers, where permitted by the design code, to investigate:

reduced section thickness

and

lower structural weight

for some designs.

However, 2205 is not automatically “better” than 316L.

316L may still be preferred where:

• complex forming is required,
• very low-temperature toughness requirements dominate,
• simpler fabrication is desirable,
• or the specific corrosion environment favors an austenitic material.

High mechanical strength is one of the key reasons duplex stainless steels are selected.

For example, IMOA’s comparison of ASTM/EN plate requirements shows minimum yield/proof strength values for 2205 and 2507 substantially above those of conventional 316L plate.

This higher strength can benefit:

• Pressure equipment
• Storage tanks
• Structural members
• Piping systems
• Offshore structures

But:

higher material strength does not automatically mean the designer may reduce thickness.

Minimum wall thickness must still satisfy:

• Design Code
• Pressure
• Corrosion Allowance
• Welding Joint Factor
• Buckling
• Fatigue
• Fabrication Tolerance
• Project Specification

Duplex stainless steel performance depends not only on chemical composition but also on microstructure.

A properly processed material aims to maintain a useful balance between:

Ferrite

and

Austenite

IMOA describes approximately 45–50% ferrite with the balance austenite as a typical target in mill products, achieved through controlled chemistry and thermal history.

Too much ferrite can negatively affect:

• Toughness
• Corrosion behavior
• Weld properties

while inappropriate thermal exposure can produce detrimental intermetallic phases.

Therefore:

PMI alone is not enough to verify duplex metallurgical quality.

Proper solution annealing is essential for duplex stainless steel.

After hot forming or inappropriate thermal exposure, a full solution anneal followed by rapid quenching may be required to restore suitable phase structure and corrosion/mechanical properties. IMOA emphasizes rapid cooling following solution annealing to minimize undesirable phase precipitation.

The exact temperature depends on:

• Grade
• Section Thickness
• Product Form
• Applicable Standard

For example, the appropriate solution treatment range for 2507 is different from that for 2205.

Therefore the website should not publish one universal duplex solution-annealing temperature.

Duplex stainless steels are sensitive to incorrect thermal exposure.

Potential detrimental phases include:

Sigma Phase

and other intermetallic or secondary phases.

ASTM A923-25 provides methods specifically intended to detect detrimental intermetallic phases in certain duplex stainless steels where toughness or corrosion resistance can be significantly affected.

ASTM A923 includes:

• Method A — Sodium Hydroxide Etch
• Method B — Charpy Impact
• Method C — Ferric Chloride Corrosion

within the limits and grades covered by the standard.

A duplex stainless steel product can satisfy chemical composition requirements yet still have unacceptable metallurgical quality if its thermal history was improper.

ASTM A923 specifically notes that satisfying applicable chemical and mechanical requirements does not necessarily demonstrate absence of detrimental phases.

For demanding projects, procurement may therefore require additional controls such as:

• Heat Treatment Records
• Ferrite / Phase Assessment
• ASTM A923 Testing
• ASTM G48 Testing
• Impact Testing
• Welding Procedure Qualification

as specified by the purchaser.

Chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen are especially important to localized corrosion resistance in duplex stainless steels.

As alloy content increases:

2101 / 2304

↓

2205

↓

2507 / S32760

the potential resistance to chloride pitting and crevice corrosion generally increases.

But actual service performance remains dependent on the environment.

Key parameters include:

• Chloride Concentration
• Temperature
• pH
• Crevices
• Deposits
• Surface Condition
• Weld Condition

For projects requiring accelerated localized-corrosion testing, ASTM G48 may be specified.

The currently active ASTM G48-25 provides six ferric-chloride test methods for evaluating or ranking the pitting and crevice-corrosion resistance of stainless steels and related alloys.

However, ASTM itself makes an important limitation clear:

G48 testing is performed under specific accelerated chloride-containing conditions and does not establish corrosion resistance in every real-world environment. Surface preparation can also affect the test result.

Therefore a website should never state:

Passed ASTM G48 = suitable for all seawater service.

A better statement is:

ASTM G48 testing can be provided when required by the applicable material, project or purchase specification.

Resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking is one of the primary engineering advantages of duplex stainless steel.

Both IMOA and Outokumpu show that duplex grades can resist chloride SCC under many conditions where conventional austenitic stainless steels may crack.

But duplex stainless steel is not SCC-proof.

Under sufficiently severe combinations of:

• High Temperature
• High Chloride Concentration
• Stress
• Evaporation
• Pressure

duplex stainless steel can still suffer SCC.

There is no correct universal answer of simply:

Yes.

2205 may perform well in many chloride applications but has limitations in severe or warmer seawater environments.

Super duplex grades such as 2507 and S32760 are often evaluated when both high strength and stronger chloride corrosion resistance are required. IMOA notes that super duplex steels are used in critical seawater applications while also emphasizing that service limits still exist.

For seawater RFQs, provide:

• Seawater Temperature
• Chloride Content
• Flow Velocity
• Continuous or Intermittent Service
• Crevice Geometry
• Oxygen Conditions
• Pressure
• Cleaning Method

before final grade selection.

Duplex welding should not simply copy a 304L or 316L welding procedure.

The objective is not only to create a sound weld.

It is also necessary to control the thermal cycle so that the weld metal and HAZ maintain acceptable:

Phase Balance

Toughness

Corrosion Resistance

Important welding variables include:

• Heat Input
• Interpass Temperature
• Filler Metal
• Shielding Gas
• Root Purging
• Joint Geometry
• Cooling Rate
• Base-Metal Composition

IMOA’s duplex fabrication guidance dedicates specific procedures to GTAW, GMAW, FCAW, SMAW, SAW and other welding routes because metallurgical control is central to duplex fabrication.

Routine post-weld heat treatment should not automatically be prescribed for duplex stainless steel.

If full restoration heat treatment is required, it generally involves an appropriate:

Solution Anneal + Rapid Quench

rather than the conventional stress-relief approach often used for carbon steel.

Any post-weld thermal treatment should be evaluated against:

• Grade
• Section Size
• Welding Procedure
• Applicable Code
• Required Microstructure

because prolonged exposure in unfavorable temperature ranges can encourage detrimental phase precipitation. ASTM A923 identifies susceptibility to intermetallic precipitation during certain thermal exposures as a key duplex concern.

Duplex stainless steel can be formed using conventional industrial processes, but its higher strength requires greater forming force than conventional austenitic grades.

Processes can include:

• Bending
• Roll Forming
• Press Forming
• Hot Forming
• Cold Forming

After severe hot forming, appropriate solution annealing and rapid quenching may be necessary.

Forming calculations should consider:

• Higher Yield Strength
• Springback
• Minimum Bend Radius
• Tooling Load
• Section Thickness

Duplex stainless steels generally require more machining force than standard austenitic grades because of their high strength.

As alloy level increases from lean duplex toward 2205 and super duplex, machining generally becomes more demanding. IMOA publishes materially different recommended machining parameters for S32101, 2304, 2205 and 2507.

Recommended considerations include:

• Rigid Machine Setup
• Sharp Tooling
• Adequate Power
• Controlled Feed
• Suitable Carbide Grades
• Proper Cooling / Chip Control

Final machining parameters should be established for the actual grade and component.

Do not use one ASTM standard for every duplex product.

The correct standard depends on the actual product form and intended service.

As of August 2026, ASTM A240/A240M-26 is active for applicable stainless plate, sheet and strip.

ASTM A276/A276M-25 is active for applicable stainless bars and shapes.

ASTM A790/A790M-24 is active for seamless and straight-seam welded ferritic/austenitic stainless steel pipe intended for general corrosive service, with particular emphasis on SCC resistance.

ASTM A789/A789M-24 is active for applicable seamless and welded ferritic/austenitic stainless steel tubing.

For EFW pipe made with filler metal, ASTM A928/A928M-14 (2025) is currently active.

ASTM A815/A815M-26 covers applicable wrought ferritic/austenitic stainless piping fittings.

ASTM A790 is one of the most important standards for duplex stainless steel pipe.

Its scope includes:

Seamless Pipe

and

Straight-Seam Welded Pipe

for corrosive service.

The standard specifically emphasizes resistance to stress corrosion cracking and requires material chemistry, heat treatment and specified testing.

Typical grades:

• S31803
• S32205
• S32750
• S32760

where included by the applicable edition.

ASTM A789/A789M-24 covers duplex tubing for services requiring general corrosion resistance, particularly where SCC resistance is important.

The standard requires applicable tubes to be supplied in specified heat-treated conditions and includes mechanical and hydrostatic or nondestructive electrical testing requirements.

Common applications include:

• Heat Exchanger Tube
• Condenser Tube
• Process Tube
• Chemical Equipment Tube
• Oil & Gas Equipment

ASTM A928 is particularly important for large-diameter duplex welded pipe.

Unlike A790’s straight-seam automatic welded pipe route, A928 specifically covers:

Electric Fusion Welded Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe with Addition of Filler Metal

for corrosive service.

This distinction should be maintained on the website.

Do not label every duplex welded pipe as:

ASTM A790 / A928

without confirming its manufacturing route.

Main grades:

• 2205
• 2507
• S32760
• 2304
• 2101

Typical processing:

• Cut to Size
• Plasma Cutting
• Laser Cutting where appropriate
• Waterjet Cutting
• Machining
• Edge Preparation

Available according to grade and thickness:

• Hot Rolled Coil
• Cold Rolled Coil
• Hot Rolled Sheet
• Cold Rolled Sheet
• Slit Coil

Lean duplex and 2205 generally offer broader flat-product availability than some special super duplex grades.

Core grades:

• S32205
• S31803
• S32750
• S32760

Specify:

• NPS / OD
• Schedule / Wall Thickness
• Length
• ASTM Standard
• Heat Treatment
• NDT
• Hydro Test
• Corrosion Test where required

Available production routes may include:

• Straight-Seam Welded Pipe
• Large-Diameter EFW Pipe

The applicable standard must match the manufacturing process.

Applications include:

• Heat Exchangers
• Condensers
• Desalination Equipment
• Chemical Equipment
• Oil & Gas Systems

Specify:

OD × WT × Length

plus:

• Tube Standard
• Heat Treatment
• NDT
• Surface Condition

Main grades:

• 2205
• 2507
• S32760

Products can include:

• Hot Rolled Bar
• Forged Bar
• Peeled Bar
• Turned Bar
• Ground Bar
• Cut-to-Length Bar

ASTM A276/A276M-25 covers applicable hot- or cold-finished stainless steel bars and shapes.

Products can include:

• Flanges
• Elbows
• Tees
• Reducers
• Forged Rings
• Valve Components
• Custom Forgings

The applicable ASTM designation should be determined from the product and service rather than simply from the alloy grade. ASTM A815 covers applicable wrought duplex fittings, while ASTM A182 includes ferritic/austenitic stainless grades for pressure-system forged components.

Depending on grade, dimensions and production route:

• Angle Bar
• Flat Bar
• Channel
• Custom Formed Profile
• Laser-Fused / Fabricated Profile where applicable

Special duplex structural profiles should generally be described as:

Made to Order

or

Subject to Size and Production Route Confirmation

rather than automatically claiming full-size stock.

Duplex stainless steel is widely evaluated for oil and gas environments containing H₂S, but a material grade should not automatically be advertised as “NACE compliant” under every condition.

The currently published ISO 15156-3:2020 addresses selection and qualification of corrosion-resistant alloys and other alloys for H₂S-containing oil and gas production environments.

Compliance can depend on factors including:

• Material Grade
• Heat Treatment
• Hardness
• Temperature
• H₂S Partial Pressure
• Chloride Concentration
• pH
• Elemental Sulfur
• Product Form
• Manufacturing Route

Therefore the correct commercial wording is:

“Material can be supplied/evaluated to applicable NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 requirements when specified and when the grade, condition and service limits meet the standard.”

not:

“2205 is always NACE compliant.”

ISO also currently notes that the 2020 edition is expected to be superseded by a revision under development, so project specifications should confirm the required edition.

Verify:

• Cr
• Ni
• Mo
• N
• Cu / W where relevant
• Other specified elements

PMI can be used to verify alloy identity and major alloying elements.

For duplex stainless steels, however, PMI alone does not prove:

• Correct Phase Balance
• Absence of Sigma Phase
• Correct Heat Treatment
• ASTM G48 Performance

Those require appropriate metallurgical or corrosion tests.

According to applicable specification:

• Tensile Strength
• Yield Strength
• Elongation
• Hardness
• Impact Testing where specified

When specified:

• Ferrite Measurement
• Microstructure Examination
• Intermetallic Phase Testing

ASTM A923 may be specified for certain covered grades when detrimental intermetallic phase detection is required.

Possible requirements include:

• ASTM G48
• ASTM A923 Method C
• Project-Specific CPT Testing

depending on material, specification and purchase order.

Depending on product:

• UT
• ET
• RT
• PT
• Hydrostatic Test

should be specified according to the product standard and project requirement.

Available documentation can include:

EN 10204 3.1 MTC

• Heat Number
• Chemical Composition
• Mechanical Properties
• Heat Treatment
• Dimensions
• Testing Results

Optional project documents can include:

• PMI Report
• ASTM G48 Report
• ASTM A923 Report
• Ferrite Report
• NDT Report
• Hydrostatic Test Report
• Third-Party Inspection
• EN 10204 3.2 where specified

Availability must be agreed before production.

This is a preliminary selection guide only.

Information Required for Material Selection

For demanding chloride or chemical applications, send:

• Medium
• Chemical Concentration
• Chloride Content
• pH
• Operating Temperature
• Design Pressure
• Flow Rate
• Presence of Crevices
• H₂S / CO₂ where applicable
• Required Design Standard
• Required Product Form

This information is substantially more useful than simply asking:

Which is better, 2205 or 2507?

Typical Applications

Desalination

Typical materials to evaluate:

• 2205
• 2507
  
• S32760

depending on:

• Chlorides
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Process Stage
• Crevice Conditions

Offshore & Marine

Typical products:

• Pipe
• Tube
• Plate
• Bar
• Flanges
• Fittings
• Structural Components

Higher-alloy super duplex grades are commonly evaluated when severe chloride exposure combines with high mechanical loading.

Oil & Gas

Products:

• Process Piping
• Valves
• Flanges
• Fittings
• Pressure Components
• Heat Exchangers

Material selection must consider both corrosion and cracking mechanisms, including applicable sour-service requirements.

Chemical Processing

2205 and super duplex grades may be evaluated for:

• Process Tanks
• Reactors
• Piping
• Heat Exchangers
• Pressure Equipment

based on the actual chemical medium and concentration.

Pulp & Paper

2205 has a long history in:

• Digesters
• Process Tanks
• Piping
• Bleaching and process equipment

where both corrosion resistance and high mechanical strength are valuable.

Custom Processing Services

Shaanxi Shangyou Stainless Steel Co., Ltd. can coordinate:

• Cut-to-Size
• Saw Cutting
• Plate Cutting
• Slitting
• Leveling
• Machining
• Drilling
• Edge Preparation
• Pipe Cutting
• Custom Fabrication
• Export Packing

Processing parameters must account for the higher strength and metallurgical requirements of duplex materials.

RFQ Information

For a faster quotation, please provide:

Grade:
2101 / 2304 / S31803 / S32205 / S32750 / S32760

Product Form:
Plate / Sheet / Coil / Pipe / Tube / Bar / Fitting / Profile

Standard:
ASTM / ASME / EN / Project Specification

Dimensions

Plate:
Thickness × Width × Length

Pipe:
OD / NPS × Wall Thickness × Length

Bar:
Diameter × Length

• Quantity
• Heat Treatment
• Surface Condition
• NDT Requirement
• ASTM G48 Requirement
• ASTM A923 Requirement
• Ferrite Requirement
• MTC 3.1 / 3.2 Requirement
• NACE / ISO 15156 Requirement
• Destination Port

Need Help Choosing 2205 or 2507?

Do not select duplex stainless steel only by PREN or alloy cost.

Send us:

Application + Medium + Chloride Level + Temperature + Pressure + pH + H₂S Condition + Product Form

and our team can help narrow the appropriate material family and prepare a quotation based on the required standard.

Request a Quote

Send Your Material Specification

Compare 2205 vs 2507

Request MTC 3.1

Request ASTM G48 / A923 Testing

Shaanxi Shangyou Stainless Steel Co., Ltd.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is duplex stainless steel?

Duplex stainless steel contains significant amounts of both ferrite and austenite. Proper composition and heat treatment are used to obtain the required phase balance, strength, toughness and corrosion performance.

2. What are the main duplex stainless steel grades?

Common modern grades include 2101, 2304, 2205, 2507 and S32760, with even more highly alloyed hyper-duplex grades available for specialized applications.

3. What is the most common duplex stainless steel?

2205 is the main standard duplex grade and is described by IMOA as the workhorse of the modern duplex family.

4. Is 2205 the same as S32205?

S32205 is one of the primary UNS designations used for modern 2205 duplex stainless steel. S31803 is also associated with 2205 but has broader chemistry limits, so the two UNS specifications should not be treated as chemically identical.

5. What is super duplex stainless steel?

Super duplex stainless steels generally contain approximately 25% chromium with higher molybdenum and nitrogen and typically have PREN around 40 or above. 2507/S32750 is a major example.

6. What is the PREN of 2205?

IMOA lists representative PREN ranges of approximately 33–35 for S31803 and 35–36 for S32205.

7. What is the PREN of 2507?

IMOA lists a representative range of approximately 40–43 for S32750/2507.

8. Does PREN determine whether stainless steel is suitable for seawater?

No. PREN helps rank localized-corrosion resistance, but actual service depends on temperature, chlorides, crevices, welding, surface condition and other environmental factors.

9. Is duplex stainless steel stronger than 316L?

Common duplex grades such as 2205 have substantially higher specified yield/proof strength than conventional 316L, which can offer design advantages where permitted by the applicable code.

10. Is duplex stainless steel resistant to chloride stress corrosion cracking?

Duplex grades generally provide stronger chloride-SCC resistance than conventional austenitic stainless steels in many environments, but they are not immune under all chloride and temperature conditions.

11. What ASTM standard covers duplex stainless steel pipe?

ASTM A790/A790M-24 covers applicable seamless and straight-seam welded ferritic/austenitic stainless steel pipe.

12. What ASTM standard covers duplex stainless steel tubing?

ASTM A789/A789M-24 covers applicable seamless and welded ferritic/austenitic stainless steel tubing.

13. What ASTM standard covers duplex EFW pipe?

ASTM A928/A928M covers electric-fusion-welded duplex stainless steel pipe produced with filler metal. The active edition found by ASTM is A928/A928M-14 (2025).

14. What is ASTM G48 testing?

ASTM G48 provides accelerated ferric-chloride methods for evaluating pitting and crevice-corrosion resistance of stainless steels and related alloys under the stated test conditions.

15. What is ASTM A923?

ASTM A923 provides test methods for detecting detrimental intermetallic phases in certain duplex stainless steels when those phases significantly affect toughness or corrosion resistance.